Anti-angiogenic compounds

ABSTRACT

(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-propenyl)-phenol, 2-Quinolin-2-yl-ylethynyl-phenol and salts thereof are useful as medicaments, especially for treatment of an angiogenesis-related disease or disorder.

INTRODUCTION

The invention relates to anti-angiogenic compounds.

In many human diseases there is an inappropriate growth of new bloodvessels (angiogenesis). Angiogenesis is a physiological processinvolving the growth of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels(Ferrara and Kerbel, 2005). Angiogenesis may be a therapeutic target forcombating diseases characterised by poor vascularisation or abnormalvasculature (Ferrara and Kerbel, 2005). Targeted administration ofspecific compounds that may inhibit (anti-angiogenesis) or induce(pro-angiogenesis) the creation of new blood vessels in the body mayhelp combat such diseases.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most feared complication of diabetes,compromising the quality of life in most sufferers (Frank, 2004). About30% of type 1 diabetes patients advance to the blinding stage of thedisease and about 60% of type 2 diabetes patients develop retinopathy.DR is the most common cause of vision impairment in people of workingage in Western society and is likely to increase in prevalence as it hasbeen projected that about 360 million people will suffer from diabetesby 2030. Diabetic macular oedema is the principal cause of vision lossin diabetes and involves leakage from a disrupted blood-retinal barrier.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of vision lossin the western world among people aged 50 or older (Rattner and Nathans,2006; Jager et al., 2008). Ninety percent of vision loss due to AMDresults from the exudative form, which is characterized by newly formedblood vessels arising from capillaries in the choroid layer adjacent tothe retina.

Current approaches for resolving inappropriate growth of new vessels inthe eye include laser treatment and molecular therapies targeted tovascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) (Ferrara; Rattner andNathans, 2006; Jager et al., 2008).

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a laser-based surgery for wet age-relatedmacular degeneration. In PDT a light-sensitive dye is injectedintravenously. A low energy laser beam is directed onto the targetvessels. This makes the chemical react and destroy the leaking bloodvessels without damaging adjacent healthy tissue however, multipletreatments are usually required and PDT is unsuitable forlong-established wet age-related macular degeneration and cannot restoresight already lost to age-related macular degeneration.

There are a number of variations of VEGF molecular therapy but those inclinical use are antibodies targeted to VEGF which stop the developmentof new leaky blood vessels. Treatment requires intraocular injection byretinal specialists, needs to be repeated every six weeks and requiresthe patient to be sedated. In some cases, VEGF treatment has been shownto restore some visual acuity.

In diabetic retinopathy, laser ablation of the new vessels is routinelyperformed however laser ablation locally destroys the retina. Inage-related macular degeneration monoclonal antibodies attenuating VEGFsignalling are used clinically (Macugen, Lucentis), however themonoclonal antibodies are very expensive to manufacture/administer andpatients require monthly intravitreal injections (Narayanan et al.,2006). Armala (pazopanib) is a multi-kinase (VEGF, PDGF, c-kit)angiogenesis inhibitor in clinical trials for AMD and cancer (Takahashiet al., 2009). siRNA targeting VEGF have also been used in clinicaltrials, however the siRNAs to VEGF have been found to act by anon-specific mechanism (Kleinman et al., 2008).

Cancer can originate in many tissues including the bowel, breast andskin. Obviously, with the prevalence and incurability of cancer types,there is a real need to develop new therapeutics. It is now widelyaccepted that the growth of solid tumours is dependent on their capacityto acquire a blood supply (Bergers and Benjamin, 2003). Indeed, mucheffort has been directed towards the development of anti-angiogenicsthat disrupt this process in tumours. In contrast to traditionalanti-cancer agents that directly destroy tumour cells, mediating acytocidal effect, anti-angiogenics are generally regarded as cytostaticagents. Another emerging feature of the use of anti-angiogenics incancer treatment is the phenomenon of resistance (Bergers and Hanahan,2008). In both animal models and humans, the benefits of anti-angiogenictherapy are at best transitory and commonly followed by a restoration oftumour growth and progression. As such, there is a pressing need to findmultiple target points for anti-angiogenic therapy, so as to provideadditional opportunities to pre-empt such resistance phenomena emerging.

Of particular relevance is Colorectal Cancer (CRC) which accounts for10-15% of all cancers and is the leading cause of cancer deaths in theWestern world (Mandala et al., 2004). Colorectal cancer is the commonestinternal cancer in the Western World. It is a major cause of morbidityand mortality, with approximately 50 percent dying from their diseasewithin 5 years of diagnosis. Contemporary chemotherapy treatments areeffective in many cases but extremely expensive and potentiallydangerous.

Current treatments for colorectal cancer patients are complex.Multidisciplinary teams must decide who will benefit from expensive newtreatments. Currently, treatment decisions for patients depend solely onpathological staging. The chemotherapeutic agents Fluorouracil (5-FU)plus leucovorin (LV) have been the mainstay treatment for CRC. Newerdrugs such as oxaliplatin, capecitabine and irinotecan havesignificantly improved response rates, time to progression and increasesurvival rates in patients with advanced CRC (Mandala et al., 2004).However, even with these new drug combinations, the long term prognosisremains poor for late-stage CRC patients with metastatic lesions.

Over the last few years, new monoclonal antibody therapies targeting keyangiogenic molecules including: bevacizumab (Avastin, anti-VEGF) andcetuximab (Erbitux, anti-EGFR) (Culy, 2005; He and Marshall, 2005) havebeen introduced to fight late-stage CRC and improve outcome (Ellis,2003). Bevacizumab (Avastin) blocks vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) by preventing the interaction of VEGF with its' receptors[VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR)]. Pre-clinical studies suggest thatbevacizumab acts by inhibiting tumour neo-vascularisation and when usedin combination with chemotherapeutic drugs, it increases thepermeability of tumours to chemotherapy (Ellis, 2003). Cetuximab(Erbitux) inhibits the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)signalling cascade (Wong, 2005) and tumours that over-express EGFR havea poor prognosis. Erbitux also inhibits angiogenesis inside tumours,leading to an overall suppression of tumour growth (Carmeliet, 2005).Pre-clinical data indicate that Erbitux has anti-tumour activity incolon cancer xenografts and can reduce the production of VEGF,interleukin-8 (IL-8), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).Currently, these molecular therapies are solely given to late-stagemetastatic CRC patients

STATEMENTS OF INVENTION

According to the invention there is provided compound selected from:

and salts thereof.

In one case salt is a HCl salt.

The invention also provides compound selected from:

and salts thereof for use as a medicament.

Further provided is a compound selected from:

and salts thereof for use in the treatment of an angiogenesis-relateddisease or disorder.

The salt may be a HCl salt of the compound.

The angiogenesis-related disease or disorder may be associated withneovascularisation of the eye. In one case the angiogenesis-relateddisease or disorder is associated with blindness. Theangiogenesis-related disease or disorder may be age-related maculardegeneration or diabetic retinopathy. The age-related maculardegeneration may be wet age-related macular degeneration.

In one embodiment the angiogenesis-related disease or disorder iscancer. The cancer may be a solid tumour forming cancer.

The cancer may be colorectal cancer, oesophageal cancer, or breastcancer.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising oneor more compound selected from:

and salts thereof

The salt may be a HCl salt of the compound.

The composition may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.The composition may be in a form for topical administration. Thecomposition may be in the form of eye drops. The composition may be in aform for systemic administration. In one case the composition is in theform of an injectable solution or suspension.

Also provided is use of a composition of the invention in the treatmentof an angiogenesis-related disease or disorder. The angiogenesis-relateddisease or disorder may be associated with neovascularisation of theeye. The angiogenesis-related disease or disorder may be associated withblindness. The angiogenesis-related disease or disorder may beage-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy. Theage-related macular degeneration may be wet age-related maculardegeneration. The angiogenesis-related disease or disorder may becancer. The cancer may be a solid tumour forming cancer. The cancer maybe colorectal cancer. The cancer may be oesophageal cancer. The cancermay be breast cancer.

Also provided is a compound of the invention for use in treating cancer.The cancer may be a solid tumour forming cancer. The cancer may becolorectal cancer, oesophageal cancer, or breast cancer.

The invention also provides a compound of the formula

or a salt thereof, particularly the HCl salt, pharmaceuticalcompositions comprising the compound and use thereof as a medicament.The compound may be used in the treatment of an angiogenesis-relateddisease or disorder. In one case the disease or disorder is associatedwith blindness. The angiogenesis-related disease or disorder may beage-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy such as wetage-related macular degeneration. The compound may be used for thetreatment of cancer which may be a solid tumour forming cancer such ascolorectal cancer. The compound may be used for the treatment ofoesophageal cancer or breast cancer.

The invention further provides a compound for the formula

or a salt thereof especially the HCl salt for use in the treatment ofoesophageal cancer or breast cancer.

The invention also provides a compound selected from:

and salts thereof for use in the treatment of an angiogenesis-relateddisease or disorder. The salt may be a HCl salt of the compound.

The invention also provides a compound selected from:

and salts thereof for use in the treatment of an angiogenesis-relateddisease or disorder.

The angiogenesis-related disease or disorder may be associated withneovascularisation of the eye. The angiogenesis-related disease ordisorder may be associated with blindness. The angiogenesis-relateddisease or disorder may be age-related macular degeneration or diabeticretinopathy. The age-related macular degeneration may be wet age-relatedmacular degeneration.

The angiogenesis-related disease or disorder may be cancer. The cancermay be a solid tumour forming cancer such as colorectal cancer.

The compounds described herein may be used for the treatment of cancer,in particular colorectal cancer, oesophageal cancer or breast cancer.

The compounds described herein may be used for the treatment ofundesirable inflammation.

The invention further provides a pharmaceutical composition comprisingone or more compound selected from:

and salts thereof for use as a medicament. The salt may be a HCl salt ofthe compound.

The invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising oneor more compound selected from:

and salts thereof for use as a medicament.

The composition may comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

The composition may be in a form for topical administration such as inthe form of eye drops.

The composition may be in a form for systemic administration such as inthe form of an injectable solution or suspension.

The invention also provides for the use of a compositions describedherein in the treatment of an angiogenesis-related disease or disorder.The angiogenesis-related disease or disorder may associated withneovascularisation of the eye. The angiogenesis-related disease ordisorder may be associated with blindness. The angiogenesis-relateddisease or disorder may be age-related macular degeneration or diabeticretinopathy. The age-related macular degeneration may be wet age-relatedmacular degeneration.

The angiogenesis-related disease or disorder may be cancer. The cancermay be a solid tumour forming cancer such as colorectal cancer.

The compositions described herein may be used for the treatment ofundesirable inflammation.

The invention also provides a compound of:

or salt thereof

The invention further provides a compound of:

or salt thereof

The invention further provides a compound of:

or salt thereof.

The invention further provides a compound of:

or salt thereof.

The invention further provides a compound of:

or salt thereof

The invention further provides a compound of:

or salt thereof.

The invention also provides a compound of:

or salt thereof.

The salt may be a HCl salt.

The invention also provides any compound described herein including thecompounds of the tables herein and the structures of FIGS. 19, 23, 28and 29 and salts thereof and the use thereof as medicaments,particularly for treatment of an angiogenesis related disease ordisorder as herein described and/or cancer such as colorectal cancer,oesophageal cancer or breast cancer.

The compounds and compositions of the invention may be administered byany conventional route for example parenterally such as in the form ofan injectable solution or suspension, enterally for example orally suchas in the form of an oral dosage form for example a tablet or a capsule,or topically for example in the form of lotions, gels, ointments, creamsor eyedrops. The compounds or compositions of the invention may also beadministered in a nasal or suppository form. The route of administrationof the compounds and compositions of the invention will depend on theangiogenic driven disease (angiogenic-related disease or disorder)and/or the undesirable inflammation to be treated.

It will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art that the compoundsand compositions of the invention should be administered in atherapeutically effective amount. The dosage of the active ingredientwill depend on a variety of factors including type, species, age,weight, sex, medical condition of the patient, the severity of thecondition to be treated and the route of administration.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The invention will be more clearly understood from the followingdescription of some embodiments thereof, given by way of example only,with reference to the accompanying figures, in which:

FIGS. 1 A, B, C and D show the effect of 10 μM of 11B_CC11_HCl and11B_CC16_HCl compounds on inhibiting developmental angiogenesis of thehyaloid vasculature (A is a graph and C shows representative images) andintersegmental vasculature (B is a graph and D shows images) inzebrafish. n>=12, *** p-value ≦0.001. Data shown is mean+SEM.

FIGS. 2 A and B are representative images and graphs showing the effectof 5 μM of 11B_CC11_HCl and 11B_CC16_HCl compounds on inhibitingneovascularisation in the mouse oxygen-induced retinopathy model. Datashown is mean+SEM. N=3 experiments and n=4 (P12 control and P17control), n=5 (Avastin), n=8 (pazopanib), n=9 (11B_CC11_HCl) and n=15(11B_CC16_HCl).

FIG. 3 is a graph showing that compounds 11B HCl, 11B_CC11_HCl,11B_CC16_HCl, 11B 471 and 11B 268 did not significantly reduce cellnumber, measured by % absorbance, in OE33P radio-sensitive oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells. OE33P were treated with 10 μM of 11B HCl,11B_CC11_HCl, 11B_CC16_HCl, 11B 471 or 11B 268 for 24 hours, fixed withglutaraldehyde, stained with crystal violet, resuspended withTritonX-100 and absorbance measured at 590 nm.

FIG. 4 is a graph showing that compounds 11B HCl, 11B_CC11_HCl,11B_CC16_HCl, 11B 471 and 11B 268 did not significantly reduce cellnumber, measured by % absorbance, in OE33R radio-resistant oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells. OE33R were treated with 10 μM of 11B HCl,11B+CC11_HCl, 11B_CC16_HCl, 11B 471 or 11B 268 for 24 hours, fixed withglutaraldehyde, stained with crystal violet, resuspended withTritonX-100 and absorbance measured at 590 nm.

FIG. 5 is a graph showing that compounds 11B HCl and 11B_CC11_HClsignificantly reduce extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), a measureof glycolysis, in OE33P radio-sensitive oesophageal adenocarcinomacells. OE33P were treated with 10 μM of 11B HCl, 11B_CC11_HCl,11B_CC16_HCl, 11B 471 or 11B 268 for 24 hours, then ECAR was determinedusing Seahorse Bioscience metabolism technology.

FIG. 6 is a graph showing that compounds 11B HCl and 11B 471significantly reduce extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), a measureof glycolysis, in OE33R radio-resistant oesophageal adenocarcinomacells. OE33R were treated with 10 μM of 11B HCl, 11B_CC11_HCl,11B_CC16_HCl, 11B 471 or 11B 268 for 24 hours, then ECAR was determinedusing Seahorse Bioscience metabolism technology.

FIG. 7 is a graph showing that compounds 11B HCl and 11B_CC11_HClsignificantly reduce the surviving fraction of OE33P radio-sensitiveoesophageal adenocarcinoma cells. OE33P were treated with 10 μM of 11BHCl or 11B_CC11_HCl for 24 hours and left until control untreatedcolonies were sufficiently large enough to score.

FIG. 8 is a graph showing that compound 11B HCl significantly reducessurviving fraction of OE33P radio-sensitive oesophageal adenocarcinomacells when cells were treated prior to 2Gy irradiation. OE33P weretreated with 10 μM of 11B HCl or 11B_CC11_HCl for 24 hours, irradiatedand left until control untreated colonies were sufficiently large enoughto score.

FIG. 9 is a graph showing that compounds 11B HCl and 11B_CC11_HClsignificantly reduce surviving fraction of OE33R radio-resistantoesophageal adenocarcinoma cells. OE33R were treated with 10 μM of 11BHCl or 11B_CC11_HCl for 24 hours and left until control colonies weresufficiently large enough to score.

FIG. 10 is a graph showing that compounds 11B HCl and 11B_CC11_HClsignificantly reduce the surviving fraction of OE33R radio-resistantoesophageal adenocarcinoma cells when cells were treated prior to 2Gyirradiation. OE33R were treated with 10 μM of 11B HCl or 11B_CC11_HClfor 24 hours, irradiated and left until control colonies weresufficiently large enough to score.

FIG. 11 is a graph showing the surviving fraction of OE33Pradiosensitive oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells when cells were treatedwith 11B HCl and 11B_CC11_HCl following 2Gy irradiation. OE33P wereirradiated, treated with 10 μM of 11B HCl or 11B_CC11_HCl for 24 hoursand left until control colonies were sufficiently large enough to score.

FIG. 12 is a graph showing that compounds 11B HCl and 11B_CC11_HClsignificantly reduce the surviving fraction of OE33R radio-resistantoesophageal adenocarcinoma cells when cells were treated following 2Gyirradiation. OE33R were irradiated, treated with 10 μM of 11B HCl or11B_CC11_HCl for 24 hours and left until control colonies sufficientlylarge enough to score.

FIG. 13 is a graph showing that compounds 11B HCl, 11B_CC11_HCl and 11B268 significantly reduce oxygen consumption rate (OCR), a measure ofoxidative phosphorylation, in OE33P radiosensitive oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells. OE33P were treated with 10 μM of 11B HCl,11B_CC11_HCl, 11B_CC16_HCl, 11B 471 or 11B 268 for 24 hours, then OCRmeasured using Seahorse Bioscience metabolism technology.

FIG. 14 is a graph showing that compounds 11B HCl and 11B_CC11_HClsignificantly reduce oxygen consumption rate (OCR), a measure ofoxidative phosphorylation, in OE33R radio-resistant oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells. OE33R were treated with 10 μM of 11B HCl,11B_CC11_HCl, 11B_CC16_HCl, 11B 471 or 11B 268 for 24 hours, then OCRmeasured using Seahorse Bioscience metabolism technology.

FIG. 15 tables the percentage inhibition by compounds 11B_CC11_HCl and11B_CC16_HCl on the cysteinyl leukotriene pathway in in vitro and exvivo assays. Ex vivo cysteinyl leukotriene lung strip assay:11B_CC16_HCl was tested at 30 μM concentration in duplicate, in a singleexperiment for its ability to inhibit 3 nM leukotriene D4-inducedcontraction of a 3 mg strip of guinea pig lung. 30 μM 11B_CC16_HCl wassufficient to completely inhibit such contraction. For in vitrocysteinyl leukotriene cell-based assays 11B_CC11_HCl and 11B_CC16_HCl,were tested at 30 μM concentration in duplicate, in a single experimentfor their ability to inhibit the calcium mobilisation response of theCysLT1 receptor to 0.1 nM leukotriene D4 in CHO cells over-expressingthe CysLT1 receptor or the calcium mobilisation response of the CysLT2receptor to 30 nM of leukotriene C4 in HEK 293 cells over expressing theCysLT2 receptor.

FIGS. 16 A and B are graphs showing the effect of 10 μM or 5 μM of an11B-series of compounds on inhibiting developmental angiogenesis of thehyaloid vasculature in the zebrafish eye. n≧10 for all samples except11B_CC5_HCl where n=5.* p-value ≦0.05, ** p-value ≦0.01, *** p-value≦0.001;

FIGS. 17 A and B are graphs showing the effect of 10 μM of 11B-series ofcompounds on inhibiting developmental angiogenesis of the intersegmentalvasculature in zebrafish (exception is 11B_CC12 tested at 2.5 μM) n≧12for all samples except 11B_CC12 where n=2. * p-value ≦0.05, ** p-value≦0.01, * * * p-value ≦0.001.

FIGS. 18 A and B are representative epi-fluorescent images of theintersegmental vessels observed in zebrafish larvae treated with 10 μMof an 11B-series of compounds: Control, 11B_CC2, 11B_CC2_HCl,11B_CC3_HCl, 11B_CC5_HCl, 11B_CC11, 11B_CC11_HCl, 11B_CC12 HCl,11B_CC15, 11B_CC15_HCl, 11B_CC16 and 11B_CC16_HCl and DMSO (control),11B-412, 11B-470, 11B-438, 11B-471, 11B-736 and 11B-268. FIG. 18B showsrepresentative epi-fluorescent images of the hyaloid vessels ondissected zebrafish lenses, depicting the patterns of hyaloidvasculature observed in zebrafish larvae treated with DMSO (control) andan 11B-series of compounds: control, 11B_CC2, 11B_CC2_HCl, 11B_CC4_HCl,11B-CC5, 11B_CC5_HCl, 11B_CC16, 11B_CC16_HCl and control 11B-268,11B-074, 11B-438 and 11B-739.

FIG. 19 shows the chemical structures of the 11B series of compounds;

FIGS. 20 A and B are graphs showing the effect of 10 μM of11F-522-series of compounds on inhibiting developmental angiogenesis ofthe hyaloid vasculature in the zebrafish eye. n≧10 for all samples *p-value ≦0.05, *** p-value ≦0.001;

FIG. 21 shows representative epi-fluorescent images of the hyaloidvessels on dissected zebrafish lenses, depicting the patterns of hyaloidvasculature observed in zebrafish larvae treated with 10 μM of control,11F-001, 11F-978 and 11F-708 compounds.

FIGS. 22 A and B show the dose-dependent effect of compounds11B_CC4_HCl, 11B_CC5_HCl, 11B_CC11_HCl, 11B_CC16, 11B_CC16_HCl, 11B-268and 11B-814 in inhibiting the development of hyaloid vessels and/orintersegmental vessels. * p-value ≦0.05, ** p-value ≦0.01, *** p-value≦0.001;

FIG. 23 shows the chemical structures of the 11F-522 series ofcompounds;

FIGS. 24 A, B and C are graphs showing the dose-dependent effect ofcompounds 4H, 11A and 11C on inhibiting developmental angiogenesis ofthe intersegmental vasculature in zebrafish. 10 μM of 4H, 5 and 10 μM of11A and 5 and 10 μM of 11C results in a significant inhibition of thenumber of intersegmental vessels that develop. *** p-value ≦0.001;

FIG. 25 is a graph showing the effect of compounds 4H, 11A and 11C ininhibiting developmental angiogenesis of the hyaloid vasculature in thezebrafish eye. 10 μM of 11C results in a significant inhibition of thenumber of primary hyaloid vessels that develop. n≧20 for all samples. **p-value ≦0.01;

FIG. 26 is a graph showing that compounds 4H, 11A and 11C have nosignificant effect on the proliferation of human SW480 colorectal cancercells. Cultures of SW480 were treated with 10 μM of 4H, 11A and 11C or10 μM of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) as a positive control. 5-fluorouracilsignificantly reduced cell number to 60% of the control by 96 hours. 4H,11A or 11C did not significantly reduce cell number compared to controlby 96 hours;

FIG. 27 are graphs showing that compounds 4H, 11A and 11C havesignificant effects on the levels of specific angiogenic/inflammatoryfactors secreted from explants cultures of human colorectal cancers. 10μM 4H significantly reduces the levels of VEGF, GRO-α, MCP-1, ENA-78,IL-6 and IL-8. 10 μM 11A significantly reduces the levels of VEGF,GRO-α, 10 MCP-1, ENA-78, IL-1β TNFα and IL-8. 10 μM 11C significantlyreduces the levels of GRO-α, MCP-1, ENA-78, IL-6, TNFα and IL-8. n=40patients; and

FIG. 28 shows the chemical structures and full chemical name ofcompounds 4H, 11A and 11C.

FIGS. 29 A, B, C, D and E shows graphs, representative images, chemicalstructures and tables relating to the Z-isomer. FIG. 29 A is a graphshowing the effect of 5 μM of compound 11B_Z and 11B_Z_HCl in inhibitingdevelopmental angiogenesis of the hyaloid vasculature in the zebrafisheye. FIG. 29 B is a graph showing the effect of 10 μM of compound 11B_Zand 11B_Z_HCl in inhibiting developmental angiogenesis of theintersegmental vessels. FIG. 29 C shows a representative image for 11B_Zhyaloid vasculature, intersegmental vessels and the chemical structureof 11B_Z. FIG. 29 D shows a representative image for 11B_Z_HCl hyaloidvasculature, intersegmental vessels and the chemical structure of11B_Z_HCl. FIG. 29 E tables the percentage inhibition by compounds 11B_Zand 11B_Z_HCl of the cysteinyl leukotriene pathway. Details on theseassays are given in the legend for FIG. 15.

FIG. 30. A is a graph showing that compound 11B_Z_HCl significantlyreduces extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), a measure ofglycolysis, in OE33P radiosensitive oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells.OE33R were treated with 10 μM of 11B_Z_HCl for 24 hours, then EACRlevels measured using Seahorse Bioscience metabolism technology. B and Care graphs showing that compound 11B_Z_HCl did not significantly reducecell number, measured by % absorbance, in OE33P radiosensitiveoesophageal adenocarcinoma cells (panel A) and OE33R radioresistantoesophageal adenocarcinoma cells (panel B). OE33P and OE33R were treatedwith 10 μM of 11B_Z_HCl for 24 hours, fixed with glutaraldehyde, stainedwith crystal violet, resuspended with TritonX-100 and absorbancemeasured at 590 nm. Panels D and E show that compound 11B_Z_HClsignificantly reduces oxygen consumption rate (OCR), a measure ofoxidative phosphorylation, in OE33P radiosensitive oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells (panel D) and in OE33R radioresistant oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells (panel E). OE33P and OE33R were treated with 10 μMof 11B_Z_HCl for 24 hours, the levels of OCR were measured usingSeahorse Bioscience metabolism technology.

FIG. 31. A is a graph showing surviving fraction of OE33R radioresistantoesophageal adenocarcinoma cells. OE33R were treated with 10 μM of 11BHCl or 11B_CC11_HCl for 24 hours and left until control colonies weresufficiently large enough to score. B. is a graph showing survivingfraction of OE33R radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells whencells were treated with 11B_Z_HCl prior to 2Gy irradiation. OE33R weretreated with 10 μM of 11B HCl for 24 hours, irradiated and left untilcontrol colonies were sufficiently large. C. is a graph showing thesurviving fraction of OE33P radiosensitive oesophageal adenocarcinomacells when cells were treated with 11B_Z_HCl following 2Gy irradiation.OE33P were irradiated, treated with 10 μM of 11B HCl for 24 hours andleft until control colonies were sufficiently large. D. is a graphshowing surviving fraction of OE33R radioresistant oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells when cells were treated with 11B_Z_HCl following2Gy irradiation. OE33R were irradiated, treated with 10 μM of 11B HClfor 24 hours and left until control colonies were sufficiently large. E.is a graph comparing surviving fraction of OE33P radiosensitive andOE33R radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells when cells weretreated with 11B_Z_HCl prior to 2Gy irradiation. OE33P were treated with10 μM of 11B_Z_HCl for 24 hours, irradiated and left until controlcolonies were sufficiently large. F. is a graph comparing survivingfraction of OE33P radiosensitive and OE33R radioresistant oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells when cells were treated with 11B_Z_HCl following2Gy irradiation. OE33P were irradiated, treated with 10 μM of 11B HCl or11B_CC11_HCl for 24 hours and left until control colonies weresufficiently large.

FIG. 32 is a graph showing reductions of RAD51L3, MMS19, SMUG1 and PARP1in OE33P radiosenstive cells. OE33R radioresistant cells show reductionof RAD51L3, MMS19, PARP1 and MLH1.

FIGS. 33 to 46 are NMR graphs for compounds according to the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

TABLE 1 11B Series Compounds Structure Code name Chemical name 11B-0682-[(E)-2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)vinyl]-4-quinolinol 11B-2442-[2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)vinyl]quinoline 11B-0502-[2-(2-aminophenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure XII 11B-7362-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure XIII 11B-7392-[2-(2-ethoxyphenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure X 11B-4702-[(E)-2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)vinyl]-4-quinolinol 11B-8522-[2-(2-methylphenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure IX 11B-4382-[(E)-2-(2-Hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure VII11B-074 2-[2-(5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)vinyl]quinoline 11B-8022-[2-(2-bromo-5-ethoxyphenyl)vinyl]quinoline Structure XI 11B-4712-[2-(3-pyridinyl)vinyl]quinoline Structure VIII 11B-4122-[2-(5-iodo-2-methoxyphenyl)vinyl]quinoline 11B-2792-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure I 11B-CC23-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-phenol 11B-CC2-HCl3-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-phenol HCl salt 11B-CC34-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-phenol 11B-CC3-HCl4-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-phenol HCl salt Structure II 11B-CC42-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol 11B-CC4-HCl2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol HCl salt Structure III 11B-CC53-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol 11B-CC5-HCl3-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol HCl salt 11B-CC64-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol 11B-CC6-HCl4-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol HCl salt Structure IV 11B-CC11(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-propenyl)-phenol 11B-CC11-HCl(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-propenyl)-phenol HCl salt 11B-CC12(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)- -benzene-1,4-diol 11B-CC12-HCl(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)- -benzene-1,4-diol HCl salt 11B-CC13(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)- -benzene-2,4-diol 11B-CC13-HCl(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-benzene-2,4-diolHCl salt Structure V11B-CC15 3-Quinolin-2-yl-ylethynyl-phenol 11B-CC15-HCl3-Quinolin-2-yl-ylethynyl-phenol HCl salt Structure VI 11B-CC162-Quinolin-2-yl-ylethynyl-phenol 11B-CC16-HCl2-Quinolin-2-yl-ylethynyl-phenol HCl salt 11B-2682-(2-(2-Methoxyphenyl)vinyl)quinoline 11B-8143-[(E)-2-(6-Methyl-2-quinolinyl)vinyl]phenol 11B_Z (Z)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl) phenol 11B_Z_HCl (Z)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl) phenolHCl salt

Synthesis of Analogues of 11B

The regioisomers of 11B, with the —OH functionality in differentlocations, were prepared by condensing 2-methylquino line with thecorresponding hydroxybenzaldehyde in acetic anhydride as solventfollowed by basic hydrolysis of the resulting acetates (Scheme 1).

All analogues of 11B were made as both the free base and its HCl salt.

The single bond analogues were prepared by hydrogenating the acetylatedalkene compounds over a catalytical amount of palladium metal on carbonunder an atmosphere of hydrogen. After hydrolysis to remove the acetatethe desire products were formed in high yields (Scheme 3).

Bromination of the acetylated alkene, followed by base inducedelimination yielded the acetyl protected alkynes (Scheme 4). The alkynesare then converted into HCl salts.

The 2,5-, 3,5-, 2,4-, and 3,4-dihydroxy analogues were prepare fromcondensation of the appropriate dihydroxy benzaldehyde compound with2-methylquinoline followed by hydrolysis (Scheme 5).

Quinoline analogues of 11B are made by a cis-selective hydrogenation ofthe corresponding acetylated alkyne, using the Lindlar catalyst,followed by hydrolysis. The compound with a methyl group on the doublebond has been synthesised by converting 2-methylquinoline into2-ethylquinoline followed by condensation with salicylic aldehyde andhydrolysis (Scheme 6).

Synthesis of Compound CC11

2-Ethylquino line

sec-Butyllithium (1.3 M in cyclohexane, 19.3 mL, 25.1 mmol, 1.2 eq.) wasadded dropwise to a 0° C. solution of 2-methylquinoline (2.84 mL, 3.0 g,21.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in dry diethyl ether (75 mL). After the addition wascomplete the cooling bath was removed and the mixture was stirred atr.t. for 1.5 h. The reaction mixture was cooled to 0° C. and methyliodide (1.96 mL, 4.46 g, 31.4 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was added dropwise. Afterthe addition was complete the cooling bath was removed and the reactionwas stirred at r.t. for 3 h. Water (50 mL) was added and the layers wereseparated. The aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate (2×30 mL).The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (50 mL) and weredried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure whichgave the crude product (4.82 g) as an orange oil. The crude product waspurified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 1:5 ethyl acetate-cyclohexane)which yielded the product (3.03 g, 92% yield) as a clear yellow oil; ¹HNMR (500 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.41 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 3H, CH₃), 3.01 (q, J=7.5 Hz,2H, CH₂), 7.31 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.48 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.68(t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.77 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8.04 (d, J=8.5 Hz,1H, Ar), 8.07 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H, Ar).

(E)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)prop-1-enyl)phenyl Acetate

2-Ethylquinoline (1.57 g, 10.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde(1.06 mL, 1.22 g, 10.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) were dissolved in acetic anhydride(1.89 mL, 2.04 g, 20.0 mmol, 2.0 eq.). The resulting mixture was heatedat 150° C. for 16 h. The mixture was allowed to cool down to r.t. andwas poured onto water (100 mL) and was stirred vigorously. The mixturewas extracted with ethyl acetate (3×30 mL). The combined organicextracts were washed with brine (25 mL), dried over sodium sulfate andconcentrated under reduced pressure which gave the crude product (3.63g) as a clear orange oil. The crude product was purified by columnchromatography (SiO₂, 1:5 ethyl acetate-cyclohexane) twice, whichyielded the product (2.22 g, 73% yield) as a clear colourless oil.

(E)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)prop-1-enyl)phenol

Aqueous sodium hydroxide (5%, 8.8 g), followed by water (88 mL) wereadded to a stirred solution of(E)-2-(2-(quinolin-2-yl)prop-1-enyl)phenyl acetate (2.2 g, 7.3 mmol, 1.0eq.) in ethanol (110 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at 100° C.for 10 min. The mixture was allowed to cool down a little and the pH wasadjusted to 7.0 by careful addition of aqueous hydrochloric acid (10%).The mixture was allowed to cool down to r.t. and was then placed in afreezer (−18° C.) over night. The precipitation formed was isolated byfiltration yielding the product (1.35 g, 71%) as a tan solid; ¹H NMR(400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 2.38 (s, 3H, CH₃), 6.87 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 6.92(d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.16 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.36 (d, J=7.0 Hz,1H, Ar), 7.56 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.61 (s, 1H, C═CH), 7.74 (t, J=7.0Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.95 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 2H, Ar), 8.00 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H, Ar),8.34 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 9.66 (br s, 1H, OH).

(E)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)prop-1-enyl)phenol Hydrochloride

A solution of hydrochloric acid (2.0 M in diethyl ether, 0.19 mL, 0.38mmol, 1.0 eq.) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of(E)-2-(2-(quinolin-2-yl)prop-1-enyl)phenol (100 mg, 0.38 mmol, 1.0 eq.)in dry diethyl ether (5 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 minand was filtered. The solids were washed with diethyl ether (2×5 mL) andwere dried under reduced pressure yielding the product (90 mg, 80%yield) as a bright yellow solid; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 2.41 (s,3H, CH₃), 6.89 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 6.94 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.20(t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.39 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.64 (s, 1H, C═CH),7.72 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.92 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8.13 (d, J=8.5Hz, 2H, Ar), 8.27 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8.71 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar),9.88 (br s, 1H, OH).

NMR data is also provided in the graphs FIGS. 33 to 35.

Synthesis of Compound CC16

(E)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl)phenyl Acetate

Quinaldine (2.84 mL, 3.00 g, 21.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.23 mL, 2.56 g, 21.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) weredissolved in acetic anhydride (25 mL). The resulting mixture was heatedat 130° C. for 16 h. The mixture was allowed to cool down to r.t. andwas poured onto water (150 mL) and was stirred vigorously. The mixturewas extracted with ethyl acetate (3×75 mL). The combined organicextracts were washed with saturated aqueous ammonium acetate (2×75 mL)and brine (75 mL), dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated underreduced pressure which gave the crude product as a red oil. The crudeproduct was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 1:4 ethylacetate-cyclohexane) which yielded the product (5.88 g, 97% yield) as aclear yellow oil which crystallised upon standing.

2-(Quinolin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl Acetate

1. A solution of bromine (1.09 mL, 3.40 g, 21.3 mmol, 1.1 eq.) in aceticacid (3.0 mL) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of(E)-2-(2-(quinolin-2-yl)vinyl)phenyl acetate (5.60 g, 19.4 mmol, 1.0eq.) in acetic acid (27 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at 120° C.for 1 h. The reaction was allowed to cool down to r.t. the reactionmixture was poured onto water (150 mL). The pH was adjusted to 7.0 bycareful addition of aqueous sodium hydroxide (2 M). The mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL) and the combined organicextracts were washed with brine (100 mL), dried over sodium sulfate andconcentrated under reduced pressure which yielded a red viscous oil. Theoil was dissolved in acetic anhydride (30 mL) and the mixture wasstirred at r.t. for 14 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto water(150 mL) and the pH was carefully adjusted to 7.0. The mixture wasextracted with ethyl acetate (3×100 mL) and the combined organicextracts were washed with brine (10 mL). The organic layer was driedover sodium sulfate and was concentrated under reduced pressure whichgave a red semi-solid. The crude product was purified by columnchromatography (SiO₂, 1:3 ethyl acetate-toluene) which gave the product(5.64 g) as a mixture of monobrominated compounds which was used withoutany further purification in the next step.

2. 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (4.58 mL, 4.66 g, 30.6 mmol, 2.0eq.) was added to a stirred solution of monobrominated2-(quinolin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl acetate (5.64 g, 15.3 mmol, 1.0 eq.) intetrahydrofuran (75 mL). The resulting mixture was heated at 80° C. for4 h. The mixture was poured on water (200 mL) containing concentratedhydrochloric acid (37% in water, 1.55 g, 15.3 mmol, 1.0 eq.). The pH ofthe mixture was adjusted to 7.0 and was extracted with ethyl acetate(3×75 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (75 mL),dried over sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure. Theresidue was dissolved in acetic anhydride (30 mL) and the mixture wasstirred at r.t. for 18 h. The reaction mixture was poured onto water(150 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 7.0 by careful addition of aqueoussodium hydroxide (5%). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate(3×75 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (100mL), dried over sodium sulfate and were concentrated under reducedpressure which gave the crude product as a viscous red oil. The crudeproduct was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 1:9 ethylacetate-toluene) yielding the product (2.02 g, 36% yield) as an orangeoil; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 2.44 (s, 3H, CH₃), 7.32 (d, J=8.0 Hz,1H, Ar), 7.39 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.56 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.66(t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.69 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.76 (d, J=7.5 Hz,1H, Ar), 7.83 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8.02 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8.03(d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8.44 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H, Ar).

2-(Quinolin-2-ylethynyl)phenol

Potassium carbonate (0.48 g, 3.48 mmol, 2.0 eq.) was added to a stirredsolution of 2-(quinolin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl acetate (0.50 g, 1.74 mmol,1.0 eq.) in a 1:1 mixture of methanol-water (10 mL). The resultingmixture was stirred at r.t. for 3 h. The reaction was poured onto water(50 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 7.0 by careful addition of aqueoushydrochloric acid (10%). The mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate(3×25 mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (25 mL),dried over sodium sulfate and were concentrated under reduced pressureyielding the product (0.42 g, 95%) as a pale yellow solid; ¹H NMR (500MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 6.87 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 6.97 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar),7.30 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.50 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.63 (t, J=7.5Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.69 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.81 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H, Ar),8.00 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8.01 (d, J=7.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8.40 (d, J=8.5Hz, 1H, Ar), 10.23 (s, 1H, OH).

2-(Quinolin-2-ylethynyl)phenol Hydrochloride

A solution of hydrochloric acid (2.0 M in diethyl ether, 0.40 mL, 0.82mmol, 1.0 eq.) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of2-(quinolin-2-ylethynyl)phenol (200 mg, 0.82 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in drydiethyl ether (10 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min andwas filtered. The solids were washed with diethyl ether (3×5 mL) andwere dried under reduced pressure yielding the product (197 mg, 85%yield) as a bright yellow solid; ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ 6.89 (t,J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.03 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.33 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H,Ar), 7.54 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.71 (t, J=7.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.81 (d,J=8.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7.90 (t, J=7.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8.09 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H,Ar), 8.10 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8.59 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H, Ar), 10.42 (brs, 1H, OH).

NMR data is also provided in the graphs FIGS. 36 to 38.

Synthesis of CC15

(Z)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl)phenyl Acetate

In an autoclave, 2-(quinolin-2-ylethynyl)phenyl acetate (0.40 g, 1.4mmol, 1.0 eq.) was dissolved in degassed toluene (15 mL). Lindlarcatalyst (5% Pd on CaCO₃, 80 mg) was added and the vessel was sealed.The mixture was hydrogenated under 4 bar pressure for 9 h at r.t. Themixture was filtered through a pad of Celite to remove the Pd catalystand concentrated under reduced pressure which gave the crude product.The product was purified by column chromatography (SiO₂, 98.75:1:0.25dichloromethane-methanol-ammonia) which yielded the product (0.12 g, 30%yield) as a tan solid.

(Z)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl)phenol.

NMR data is presented in FIG. 39.

(Z)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl)phenyl acetate (0.12 g, 0.41 mmol, 1.0eq.) was suspended in a mixture of methanol (2 mL) and water (2 mL).Aqueous sodium hydroxide (5 M, 1 mL) was added and the mixture wasstirred at 50° C. for 30 min. The pH was adjusted to 6.5 by carefuladdition of aqueous hydrochloric acid (2 M). The mixture was extractedwith ethyl acetate (3×mL), and the combined organic extracts were driedover sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure whichyielded the product (40 mg, 35%) as a yellow solid.

(Z)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl)phenol Hydrochloride.

NMR data is presented in FIG. 40.

A solution of hydrochloric acid (2.0 M in diethyl ether, 0.12 mL, 0.24mmol, 2.0 eq.) was added dropwise to a stirred suspension of(Z)-2-(2-(quinolin-2-yl)vinyl)phenol (30 mg, 0.12 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in drydiethyl ether (3 mL). The mixture was stirred at r.t. for 30 min and wasfiltered. The solids were washed with diethyl ether (2×1 mL) and weredried under reduced pressure yielding the product (36 mg, 99% yield) asa bright yellow solid.

Synthesis of CC4

NMR data is presented in FIGS. 41 and 42.

Synthesis of CC5

NMR data is presented in FIGS. 43 and 44.

Synthesis of CC15

NMR data is presented in FIGS. 45 and 46.

Compound 11B_Z-isomer has CAS #1036287-19-0

-   Reference 1: Homology modeling and site-directed mutagenesis to    identify selective inhibitors of endothelin-converting enzyme-2.    Gagnidze K, Sachchidanand, Rozenfeld R, Mezei M, Zhou M M, Devi L A.    J Med Chem. 2008 Jun. 26; 51(12):3378-87.-   Reference 2: Spectral and photochemical properties of hydroxylated    2-styrylquino line derivatives. Budyka, M. F., Potashova, N. I.,    Gavrishova, T. N., Lee, V. M. High Energy Chemistry. July 2011, Vol.    45 Issue 4, p 281-286.-   Reference 3: High Energy Chemistry. July 2011, Vol. 45 Issue 4, p    273-280. Quantum-chemical study of photoisomerization and    photoinduced proton transfer in hydroxystyrylquinolines. Budyka, M.    F.    Compound 11B_CC2 has CAS#143816-40-4.-   Reference: J Med Chem. 1992 Oct. 16; 35(21):3832-44. Development of    a novel series of styrylquino line compounds as high-affinity    leukotriene D4 receptor antagonists: synthetic and    structure-activity studies leading to the discovery of    (+-)-3-[[[3-[2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)-(E)-ethenyl]phenyl][[3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropyl]thio]methyl]thio]propionic    acid. Zamboni R, Belley M, Champion E, Charette L, DeHaven R,    Frenette R, Gauthier J Y, Jones T R, Leger S, Masson P, et al.    Compound 11B-268 has CAS #77669-18-2-   Reference 1. A Catalyst-Free Benzylic C—H Bond Olefination of    Azaarenes for Direct Mannich-like Reactions Yan, Yizhe; Xu, Kun;    Fang, Yang; Wang, Zhiyong Journal of Organic Chemistry (2011),    76(16), 6849-6855.-   Reference 2. Photophysics and excited-state proton transfer of    2′-hydroxy-2-trans-styrylquinoline Wang, Shun-Li; Yeh, Tzu-Wei; Ho,    Tong-Ing Chemical Physics Letters (2006), 418(4-6), 397-401.-   Reference 3. IR-, 1H-NMR- and TLC examination of new    2-styrylquinolines with antibacterial activity Chervenkov, S. K.;    Pavlov, A. I.; Slavova, S. T. Analytical Letters (1995), 28(1),    59-70.-   Reference 4. Di- and tri-methoxystyryl derivatives of heterocyclic    nitrogen compounds Bahner, C. T.; Rives, L. M.; McGaha, S. W.;    Rutledge, D.; Ford, D.; Gooch, E.; Westberry, D.; Ziegler, D.;    Ziegler, R. Arzneimittel-Forschung (1981), 31(3), 404-6.    Compound 11B-438 has CAS #77669-18-2    Compound 11B-814 has CAS #853725-50-5    Compound 11B-470 has CAS #190437-90-2-   Reference 1, Experimental and quantum chemical investigation of    photochemical properties of a covalently bound bis(styrylquinoline)    dyad Budyka, M. F.; Potashova, N. I.; Gavrishova, T. N.; Lee, V. M.    High Energy Chemistry (2012), 46(5), 309-322.-   Reference 2. Energy transfer, fluorescence and photoisomerization of    styrylquinoline-naphthol dyads with dioxypolymethylene bridges    Budyka, Mikhayl F.; Sadykova, Kristina F.; Gavrishova, Tatiana N.    Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, A: Chemistry (2012),    241, 38-44.-   Reference 3. Spectral-Luminescent properties of the    dioxytetramethylene-bridged naphthol-styrylquinoline dyad Budyka, M.    F.; Sadykova, K. F.; Gavrishova, T. N.; Gak, V. Yu. High Energy    Chemistry (2012), 46(1), 38-43.-   Reference 4. A general protocol for the solvent- and catalyst-free    synthesis of 2-styrylquinolines under focused microwave irradiation    Staderini, Matteo; Cabezas, Nieves; Bolognesi, Maria Laura;    Menendez, J. Carlos Synlett (2011), (17), 2577-2579.-   Reference 5. A Catalyst-Free Benzylic C—H Bond Olefination of    Azaarenes for Direct Mannich-like Reactions Yan, Yizhe; Xu, Kun;    Fang, Yang; Wang, Zhiyong Journal of Organic Chemistry (2011),    76(16), 6849-6855.-   Reference 6. Highly Enantioselective Iridium-Catalyzed Hydrogenation    of 2-Benzylquinolines and 2-Functionalized and 2,3-Disubstituted    Quinolines Wang, Da-Wei; Wang, Xiao-Bing; Wang, Duo-Sheng; Lu,    Sheng-Mei; Zhou, Yong-Gui; Li, Yu-Xue Journal of Organic Chemistry    (2009), 74(7), 2780-2787.-   Reference 7. Substituent effects on intramolecular charge-transfer    behavior of styrylheterocycles Wang, S.-L.; Ho, T.-I. Journal of    Photochemistry and Photobiology, A: Chemistry (2000), 135(2-3),    119-126.-   Reference 8. Compositions and methods for treating bone deficit    conditions Orme, Mark W.; Baindur, Nand; Robbins, Kirk G.; et al.    PCT Int. Appl. (1998), WO 9817267 A1 19980430.-   Reference 9. Preparation of (hetero)aromatic compounds for treating    bone deficit conditions. Petrie, Charles; Orme, Mark W.; Baindur,    Nand; Robbins, Kirk G.; Harris, Scott M.; Kontoyianni, Maria;    Hurley, Laurence H.; Kerwin, Sean M.; Mundy, Gregory R. PCT Int.    Appl. (1997), WO 9715308 A1 19970501.    Compound 11B-074 has CAS #701255-10-9    Compound 11B-471 has CAS #143816-38-0-   Reference 1. Synthesis and antifungal activity of diverse C-2    pyridinyl and pyridinylvinyl substituted quinolines Kouznetsov,    Vladimir V.; Melendez Gomez, Carlos M.; Derita, Marcos G.; Svetaz,    Laura; del Olmo, Esther; Zacchino, Susana A. Bioorganic & Medicinal    Chemistry (2012), 20(21), 6506-6512.-   Reference 2. Microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis of    2-styrylquinolines in the presence of zinc chloride Li, V. M.;    Gavrishova, T. N.; Budyka, M. F. Russian Journal of Organic    Chemistry (2012), 48(6), 823-828.-   Reference 3. Development of a novel series of styrylquinoline    compounds as high-affinity leukotriene D4 receptor antagonists:    synthetic and structure-activity studies leading to the discovery of    (±)-3-[[[3-[2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)-(E)-ethenyl]phenyl][[3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropyl]thio]methyl]thio]propionic    acid. Zamboni, R.; Belley, M.; Champion, E.; Charette, L.; DeHaven,    R.; Frenette, R.; Gauthier, J. Y.; Jones, T. R.; Leger, S.; et al.    Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (1992), 35(21), 3832-44.    Compound 11B-739 has CAS #1422255-33-1-   Reference 1. Contribution to investigation of antimicrobial activity    of styrylquinolines Cieslik, Wioleta; Musiol, Robert; Nycz, Jacek    E.; Jampilek, Josef; Vejsova, Marcela; Wolff, Mariusz; Machura,    Barbara; Polanski, Jaroslaw Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry (2012),    20(24), 6960-6968.    Compound 11B has CAS #143816-42-6-   Reference 1. Contribution to investigation of antimicrobial activity    of styrylquinolines. Cieslik, Wioleta; Musiol, Robert; Nycz, Jacek    E.; Jampilek, Josef; Vejsova, Marcela; Wolff, Mariusz; Machura,    Barbara; Polanski, Jaroslaw. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry    (2012), 20(24), 6960-6968.-   Reference 2. Microwave-assisted solvent-free synthesis of    2-styrylquinolines in the presence of zinc chloride. Li, V. M.;    Gavrishova, T. N.; Budyka, M. F. Russian Journal of Organic    Chemistry (2012), 48(6), 823-828.-   Reference 3. Quantum-chemical study of photoisomerization and    photoinduced proton transfer in hydroxystyrylquinolines.    Budyka, M. F. High Energy Chemistry (2011), 45(4), 273-280.-   Reference 4. Spectral and photochemical properties of hydroxylated    2-styrylquinoline derivatives. Budyka, M. F.; Potashova, N. I.;    Gavrishova, T. N.; Lee, V. M. High Energy Chemistry (2011), 45(4),    281-286.-   Reference 5. Homology Modeling and Site-Directed Mutagenesis To    Identify Selective Inhibitors of Endothelin-Converting Enzyme-2.    Gagnidze, Khatuna; Sachchidanand; Rozenfeld, Raphael; Mezei, Mihaly;    Zhou, Ming-Ming; Devi, Lakshmi A. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry    (2008), 51(12), 3378-3387.-   Reference 6. Photophysics and excited-state proton transfer of    2′-hydroxy-2-trans-styrylquinoline. Wang, Shun-Li; Yeh, Tzu-Wei; Ho,    Tong-Ing. Chemical Physics Letters (2006), 418(4-6), 397-401.-   Reference 7. Development of a novel series of styrylquinoline    compounds as high-affinity leukotriene D4 receptor antagonists:    synthetic and structure-activity studies leading to the discovery of    (±)-3-[[[3-[2-(7-chloro-2-quinolinyl)-(E)-ethenyl]phenyl][[3-(dimethylamino)-3-oxopropyl]thio]methyl]thio]propionic    acid. Zamboni, R.; Belley, M.; Champion, E.; Charette, L.; DeHaven,    R.; Frenette, R.; Gauthier, J. Y.; Jones, T. R.; Leger, S.; et al.    Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (1992), 35(21), 3832-44.    Compound 11B HCl has CAS #1379458-56-6

TABLE 3 Compounds 4H, 11A and 11C Code Structure name Chemical nameStructure XVIII  4H N′-[1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2,5-dioxo-3-pyrrolidinyl]benzohydrazide Structure XIX 11A(5-bromo-N′-[2-(trifluromethyl)benzylidene]-2- furohydrazide) StructureXX 11C (3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl-N-(3- pyridinylmethyl)acrylamide)

TABLE 2 11F-522 Series Compounds Structure Code name Chemical name11F-325 2-(1,3benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline11F-199 2-(1,3benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline Structure XVI 11F-7082-[(7-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 11F-0506,7-dimethoxy-2-[(7-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 11F-3301-(3-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-[(7-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 11F-3932,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-5,7,8,15-tetrahydrobenzo[c][1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6,g]azecin- 14(6H)-one 11F-2891-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)-6-fluoro-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline Structure XV 11F-9784-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinolinylmethyl)phenol 11F-4127-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g][1,3]benzoxazine Structure XIV 11F-0011-(6-bromo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6,7-diethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 11F-51993-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-chloro-5,7-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine 11F-2057-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g][1,3]-benzoxazine 11F-0531-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6,7-diethoxy-3,4-dihydro-1H- isochromene11F-794 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)piperazine 11F-CC2(rac)-6,7-Dimethoxy-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinoline11F-CC2-HCl (rac)-6,7-Dimethoxy-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline HCl salt 11F-CC3(rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC4(rac)-6,7-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-isoquinoline11F-CC5 (rac)-3-(6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl)-phenol 11F-CC6(rac)-4-(6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl)-benzene-1,2-diol 11F-CC7(rac)-4-(6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1- yl)-phenol11F-CC8 (rac)-1-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC9(rac)-3-(6,7-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-phenol Structure XVII 11F-CC10(rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC11(rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC12(rac)-1-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinoline-6,7-diol11F-CC13 (rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-acetyl-)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC14(rac)-1-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC15(rac)-4-(6,7-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-1-yl)-phenol 11F-CC16(rac)-1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol 11F-CC17(rac)-1-Cyclohexyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinoline11F-CC18 (rac)-4-(6,7-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-1-yl)-benzene-1,2-diol 11F-CC19(rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-allyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC20(rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC21(rac)-1-Cyclohexyl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline

Synthesis of Analogues of 11F-522

The individual enantiomers of 11F-522 were synthesised by firstgenerating the racemic tetrahydroisoquinoline precursor via aPictet-Spengler reaction. The obtained material was split into twohalves which were combined with one enantiomer of tartaric acid each.The resulting salts were recyrstallised twice and the tartaric acidremove by treatment with base yielding both enantiomers of theprecursors of 11F-522. The intermediates were then methylated using anEshweiler-Clark reaction yielding both enantiomers of 11F-522 (Scheme9). The optical purity was determined by measuring the optical rotationof the compounds.

The analogues with different substituents on the nitrogen were allderived from the compound formed from the Pictet-Spengler reactionbetween 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine and piperonal by eitheralkylating or acetylating followed by reduction of the amine (Scheme10).

The analogues with varied substitutions on the aromatic ring as outlinedbelow were all prepared via an initial Pictet-Spengler reaction betweenthe appropriate amine and aldehyde followed by an Eschweiler-Clarkmethylation (Scheme 11).

Compound 11F-708 has CAS#331978-30-4Compound 11F-978 has CAS#1070341-31-9Compound 11F-001 has CAS#447448-88-6

We have identified small molecule compounds that exhibit ananti-angiogenic effect, in vivo. The anti-angiogenic compounds may beused to treat inappropriate blood vessel formation (neovascularisation)such as the neovascularisation associated with debilitating forms ofhuman blindness, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD) anddiabetic retinopathy (DR). Additionally, these compounds may havetherapeutic benefits in cancer, by cutting off the blood supply totumours or by inhibiting the secretion of angiogenic and/or inflammatoryfactors from a tumour.

The compound may be administered to patients with diseases characterisedby neovascularisation such as forms of progressive blindness that wouldbenefit from stunting the growth of inappropriate new blood vessels, orcancer patients in which tumour growth can be halted by cutting offblood supply or by inhibiting the secretion of angiogenic and/orinflammatory factors from the tumour.

The anti-angiogenic compounds described herein have the potential tooffer patients effective, easily administered, safe and cost-effectivetreatments to prevent vision loss and tumour growth

The compounds described herein effectively inhibit new vessel growth. Inthe case of anti-angiogenic treatments for the eye, the compounds havethe potential to be administered in the conventional manner as aninjection or as eye drops as their small chemical size facilitatesabsorption from the cornea, unlike antibodies which require intravitrealinjection. Similar-sized small molecules have been shown to exhibitanti-angiogenic efficacy in the eye upon topical administration (Doukaset al., 2008).

Topical administration of the compound, such as through eye drops, willeliminate the repeated injections that are required for theadministration VEGF antibodies will reduce the safety risks associatedwith repeated intra vitreal injections. Furthermore, small moleculecompounds will be cheaper to manufacture than antibodies and unlikeantibodies, no potentially hazardous biological components are requiredto synthesise the compounds which will reduce the manufacturing costsand regulatory safety requirements.

We have used the zebrafish model as an in vivo screen of chemicalcompounds as the small size and transparency of the zebra fish enableshigh-content screens in multi-well plate formats (MacRae and Peterson,2003; Pichler et al., 2003; Peterson et al., 2004; den Hertog, 2005; Zonand Peterson, 2005). Furthermore, many drugs have been shown to havecomparable actions in humans and zebrafish including aspirin, warfarin,L-NAME, carbachol and diazepam (Goldsmith, 2004). To identifyanti-angiogenic compounds we used a transgenic line of zebrafish thatexpresses a fluorescent reporter (EGFP) specifically in vasculature(Tg(fli1:efgp)). This line was obtained from the Zebrafish InternationalResource Center. Our assay involved screening the effect of compounds onthe development of blood vessels in zebrafish. Specifically, we lookedat the integrity of vessels developing in the eye (hyaloid vesselsattached to the lens) and in the trunk. From these screens we haveidentified compounds that exhibited reproducible anti-angiogenicactivity in vivo. Our characterisation of compounds was based onsignificant inhibition of hyaloid vessel formation in terms of patternor primary branch number.

The invention will be more clearly understood from the followingexamples thereof.

EXAMPLES

Compounds Tested

The following compounds were screened in the zebrafish model asdescribed in Examples 1 and 2 below. The chemical structures of the 11Bseries of compounds are shown in FIGS. 19 and 29. The chemicalstructures of the 11F-522 series of compounds are shown in FIG. 23. Thechemical structures of compounds 4H, 11A and 11C are shown in FIG. 28.

TABLE 1 11B Series Compounds Structure Code name Chemical name 11B-0682-[(E)-2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)vinyl]-4-quinolinol 11B-2442-[2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)vinyl]quinoline 11B-0502-[2-(2-aminophenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure XII 11B-7362-[2-(2-chlorophenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure XIII 11B-7392-[2-(2-ethoxyphenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure X 11B-4702-[(E)-2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)vinyl]-4-quinolinol 11B-8522-[2-(2-methylphenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure IX 11B-4382-[(E)-2-(2-Hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure VII11B-074 2-[2-(5-bromo-2-methoxyphenyl)vinyl]quinoline 11B-8022-[2-(2-bromo-5-ethoxyphenyl)vinyl]quinoline Structure XI 11B-4712-[2-(3-pyridinyl)vinyl]quinoline Structure VIII 11B-4122-[2-(5-iodo-2-methoxyphenyl)vinyl]quinoline 11B-2792-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)vinyl]-8-quinolinol Structure I 11B-CC23-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-phenol 11B-CC2-HCl3-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-phenol HCl salt 11B-CC34-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-phenol 11B-CC3-HCl4-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-phenol HCl salt Structure II 11B-CC42-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol 11B-CC4-HCl2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol HCl salt Structure III 11B-CC53-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol 11B-CC5-HCl3-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol HCl salt 11B-CC64-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol 11B-CC6-HCl4-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-ethyl)-phenol HCl salt Structure IV 11B-CC11(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-propenyl)-phenol 11B-CC11-HCl(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-propenyl)-phenol HCl salt 11B-CC12(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)- -benzene-1,4-diol 11B-CC12-HCl(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)- -benzene- 1,4-diolHCl salt 11B-CC13(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)- -benzene-2,4-diol 11B-CC13-HCl(E)-2-(2-Quinolin-2-yl-vinyl)-benzene-2,4-diolHCl salt Structure V11B-CC15 3-Quinolin-2-yl-ylethynyl-phenol 11B-CC15-HCl3-Quinolin-2-yl-ylethynyl-phenol HCl salt Structure VI 11B-CC162-Quinolin-2-yl-ylethynyl-phenol 11B-CC16-HCl2-Quinolin-2-yl-ylethynyl-phenol HCl salt 11B-2682-(2-(2-Methoxyphenyl)vinyl)quinoline 11B-8143-[(E)-2-(6-Methyl-2-quinolinyl)vinyl]phenol 11B_Z(Z)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl) phenol 11B_Z_HCl(Z)-2-(2-(Quinolin-2-yl)vinyl) phenol HCl salt

TABLE 2 11F-522 Series Compounds Structure Code name Chemical name11F-325 2-(1,3benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline11F-199 2-(1,3benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline Structure XVI 11F-7082-[(7-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 11F-0506,7-dimethoxy-2-[(7-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 11F-3301-(3-chlorophenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-[(7-methoxy-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 11F-3932,3-dimethoxy-6-methyl-5,7,8,15-tetrahydrobenzo[c][1,3]benzodioxolo[5,6,g]azecin- 14(6H)-one 11F-2891-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylcarbonyl)-6-fluoro-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline Structure XV 11F-9784-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-(3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-isoquinolinylmethyl)phenol 11F-4127-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g][1,3]benzoxazine Structure XIV 11F-0011-(6-bromo-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6,7-diethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline 11F-51993-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6-chloro-5,7-dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,3-benzoxazine 11F-2057-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-7,8-dihydro-6H-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g][l,3]-benzoxazine 11F-0531-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-6,7-diethoxy-3,4-dihydro-1H- isochromene11F-794 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethyl)-4-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzyl)piperazine 11F-CC2(rac)-6,7-Dimethoxy-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinoline11F-CC2-HCl (rac)-6,7-Dimethoxy-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline HCl salt 11F-CC3(rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC4(rac)-6,7-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,3,4- tetrahydro-isoquinoline11F-CC5 (rac)-3-(6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl)-phenol 11F-CC6(rac)-4-(6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-yl)-benzene-1,2-diol 11F-CC7(rac)-4-(6,7-Dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-1- yl)-phenol11F-CC8 (rac)-1-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC9(rac)-3-(6,7-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinolin-1-yl)-phenol Structure XVII 11F-CC10(rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-ethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC11(rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-propyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC12(rac)-1-(3,4-Dihydroxy-phenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinoline-6,7-diol11F-CC13 (rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-acetyl-)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC14(rac)-1-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC15(rac)-4-(6,7-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-1-yl)-phenol 11F-CC16(rac)-1-(benzo[d][1,3]dioxol-5-yl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-6,7-diol 11F-CC17(rac)-1-Cyclohexyl-6,7-dimethoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro- isoquinoline11F-CC18 (rac)-4-(6,7-Dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline-1-yl)-benzene-1,2-diol 11F-CC19(rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-allyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC20(rac)-1-Benzo[1,3]dioxol-5-yl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-benzyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline 11F-CC21(rac)-1-Cyclohexyl-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-isoquinoline

TABLE 3 Compounds 4H, 11A and 11C Code Structure name Chemical nameStructure XVIII  4H N′-[1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-2,5-dioxo-3-pyrrolidinyl]benzohydrazide Structure XIX 11A(5-bromo-N′-[2-(trifluromethyl)benzylidene]-2- furohydrazide) StructureXX 11C (3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl-N-(3- pyridinylmethyl)acrylamide)

Example 1 Quantification of Primary Hyaloid Vasculature Branch Number

All experiments were carried out under ethical approval granted by theUCD animal research ethics committee. Tail:EGFP) zebrafish weremaintained according to standard procedures on a 14 hr light/10 hr darkcycle at 28° C. Embryos were obtained by natural spawning anddevelopmental stages established by time and morphological criteria. At24 hours post fertilisation (hpf), 5 embryos per well were placed in 400μl of Embryo Medium/0.1% DMSO and incubated with compound (typically, 10μM or 5 μM) at 28° C. on a 14 h light/10 h dark cycle. Larvae wereeuthanised, and fixed in 4% PFA at 4° C. overnight before analysis.

Prior to analysis of the intraocular vasculature, the control andtreated larvae were observed under an Olympus SZX16 stereo zoommicroscope and screened for general malformations. Overall patterning ofthe vasculature (fin, gut and intersegmental vessels) was examined forabnormalities. Right lenses were dissected from the larvae andtransferred to depression slides for observation under epi-fluorescencein the Olympus SZX16. Patterning of the hyaloid vessels on the treatedlarval lenses was compared to DMSO controls and the archetypal patternpreviously described (Alvarez et al., 2007; Alvarez et al., 2009). Thenumber of primary vessels radiating from the back of the lens (3-4 mainbranches at 5 dpf in controls and previously described), was counted andthe average number was graphed for each drug. Compounds 11B-739,11B-438, 11B-074, 11B-471, 11B-268, 11B-814, 11B_CC2, 11B_CC2_HCl,11B_CC4_HCl, 11B_CC5, 11B_CC5_HCl, 11B_CC11, 11B_CC11_HCl, 11B_CC16,11B_CC16_HCl, 11F-001, 11F978, 11F-708, 11F-CC10 and 11C, 11B_Z and11B_Z_HCl inhibit developmental angiogenesis of the zebrafish hyaloidvasculature in a statistically significant manner (FIG. 1, FIG. 16, FIG.18, FIG. 20 and FIG. 21, FIG. 22, FIG. 25, and FIG. 29).

Example 2 Quantification of Intersegmental Vessel Number

At 6 hours post fertilisation, 5 embryos per well were placed in 400 μLof embryo medium/0.1% DMSO and incubated with 10 μM compound at 28° C.on a 14 h light/10 h dark cycle. Larvae were manually dechorionated,euthanised, and fixed in 4% PFA at 4° C. overnight before analysis. Thelarvae were then washed with PBS and transferred to depression slidesfor observation under epi-fluorescence in an Olympus SZX16 fluorescentmicroscope. The number of intersegmental vessels was counted and theaverage number was graphed for each drug. Compounds 11B-470, 11B-438,11B-736, 11B-471, 11B-412, 11B_CC2, 11B_CC2_HCl, 11B_CC3_HCl,11B_CC4_HCl, 11B_CC5_HCl, 11B_CC11, 11B_CC11-HCl, 11B_CC12, 11B_CC15,11B_CC15_HCl, 11B_CC16, 11B_CC16_HCl, 11A, 11C and, 4H, 11B_Z and11B_Z_HCl inhibit developmental angiogenesis of zebrafish intersegmentalvessels in a statistically significant manner (FIG. 1, FIG. 17 and FIG.18, FIG. 24 and FIG. 29).

Example 3 Analysis of Ocular Neovascularisation in Mouse Oxygen-InducedRetinopathy Model

Postnatal day (P) 7 C57BL/6J mice together with their dams were treatedin 75% oxygen (hyperoxia) for 5 days causing regression of retinal bloodvessels. They were returned to normoxia (relative hypoxia) on P12,causing rapid regrowth of the retinal blood vessels. 5 μM 11B_CC11_HCl,5 μM 11B_CC16_HCl, 5 μM pazopanib or 2.5 mg/ml avastin was injectedintravitreally on P13. The mice were culled on P17, eyes fixed in 4%paraformaldehyde at 4° C. overnight, flat mounted and retinas stainedfor isolectin (red, stains vasculature). (A) The flat-mounted retinaswere imaged and avascular region quantified and expressed as apercentage of the whole retina (B) Graph showing that 11B_CC11_HCl and11B_CC16_HCl inhibit neovascularisation compared to P17 control.

Example 4 Quantification of Human OE33P and OE33R Cell Number after 24Hours Drug Treatment

OE33P radio-sensitive and OE33R radio-resistant oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compounds 11BHCl, 11B CC11 HCl, 11B CC16 HCl, 11B 471 and 11B 268 on cell number.Cells were maintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10% foetal calfserum, penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml). A total of11,000 or 13,000 cells, in 100 μl media, were seeded per well in 24 wellplates and left to incubate for 24 hours, with an additional 150 μlmedia added after 5 hours. The media was replaced with solutionscontaining μM of 11B HCl, 11B CC11 HCl, 11B CC16 HCl, 11B 471, 11B 268or fresh media as a control. Each drug had 6 replicates. After 24 hoursof treatment, the cells were fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde for 15 minutesand then stained with crystal violet for 30 minutes. The plates wereblotted and dried overnight. The cells were resuspended with 1%TritonX-100 and shaken for 15 minutes. The absorbance was read on aspectrophotometer at 590 nm.

Example 5 Quantification of Glycolysis in Human OE33P and OE33R Cells InVitro

OE33P radio-sensitive and OE33R radio-resistant oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of compounds 11B HCl,11B CC11 HCl, 11B CC16 HCl, 11B 471 and 11B 268 on glycolysis. Cellswere maintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum,penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml). A total of 11,000 or13,000 cells, in 100 μl media, were seeded per well in 24 well platesand left to incubate for 24 hours, with an additional 150 μl media addedafter 5 hours. The media was replaced with solutions containing μM of11B HCl, 11B CC11 HCl, 11B CC16 HCl, 11B 471, 11B 268 or fresh media asa control. Each drug had 6 replicates. After 24 hours of treatment,media was replaced with modified DMEM supplemented with 0.5 mM glucose.Rates of glycolysis were determined using Seahorse Biosciencesmetabolism technology. The media was disposed and the cells washed withPBS. The cells were fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde for 15 minutes and thenstained with crystal violet for 30 minutes. The plates were blotted anddried overnight. The cells were resuspended with 1% TritonX-100 andshaken for 15 minutes. The absorbance was read on a spectrophotometer at590 nm. Rates of glycolysis were then normalised to cell number.

Example 6 Quantification of the Surviving Fraction of Radio-Sensitiveand Radio-Resistant Human OE33P and OE33R Cells In Vitro

OE33P radio-sensitive and OE33R radio-resistant oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compounds 11BHCl and 11B CC11 HCl on cell survival. Cells were maintained in RPMImedia supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/ml) andstreptomycin (100 μg/ml). Cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left toincubate for 24 hours. The media was replaced with solutions containing10 μM of 11B HCl, 11B CC11 HCl or fresh media as a control. After 24hours of treatment, media was replaced. When control colonies had grownsufficiently large, the media was disposed and the cells washed withPBS. The cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet.The surviving fraction, the ability of the cells to form colonies wasthen determined.

Example 7 Quantification of Surviving Fraction of Irradiated Human OE33Pand OE33R Cells In Vitro when Cells were Treated Prior to Irradiation

OE33P radio-sensitive and OE33R radio-resistant oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compounds 11BHCl and 11B CC11 HCl on cell survival. Cells were maintained in RPMImedia supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/ml) andstreptomycin (100 μg/ml). Cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left toincubate for 24 hours. The media was replaced with solutions containing10 μM of 11B HCl, 11B CC11 HCl or fresh media as a control. After 24hours of treatment, media was replaced and cells were subjected to 2Gyradiation. When control colonies had grown sufficiently large, the mediawas disposed and the cells washed with PBS. The cells were fixed withmethanol and stained with crystal violet. Surviving fraction, theability of the cells to form colonies was then determined.

Example 8 Quantification of Surviving Fraction of Irradiated Human OE33Pand OE33R Cells when Cells were Treated with 11B HCl and 11B CC11 HClFollowing Irradiation

OE33P radio-sensitive and OE33R radio-resistant oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compounds 11BHCl and 11B CC11 HCl on cell survival. Cells were maintained in RPMImedia supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/ml) andstreptomycin (100 μg/ml). Cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left toincubate for 24 hours. The cells were subjected to 2Gy irradiation andthe media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μM of 11B HCl, 11BCC11 HCl or fresh media as a control. After 24 hours of treatment, mediawas replaced. When control colonies had grown sufficiently large, themedia was disposed and the cells washed with PBS. The cells were fixedwith methanol and stained with crystal violet. Surviving fraction, theability of the cells to form colonies was then determined.

Example 9 Quantification of Oxidative Phosphorylation in Human OE33P andOE33R Cells In Vitro

OE33P radiosensitive and OE33R radio-resistant oesophagealadenocarcinoma cells were used to test the effects of the compounds 11BHCl, 11B CC11 HCl, 11B CC16 HCl, 11B 471 and 11B 268 on oxidativephosphorylation. Cells were maintained in RPMI media supplemented with10% foetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100μg/ml). A total of 11,000-13,000 cells, in 100 μl media, were seeded perwell in 24 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours, with anadditional 150 μl media added after 5 hours. The media was replaced withsolutions containing 10 μM of 11B HCl, 11B CC11 HCl, 11B CC16 HCl, 11B471, 11B 268 or fresh media as a control. Each drug had 6 replicates.After 24 hours of treatment, media was replaced with modified DMEMsupplemented with 0.5 mM glucose. Rates of oxidative phosphorylationwere determined using Seahorse Biosciences metabolism technology. Themedia was disposed and the cells washed with PBS. The cells were fixedwith 1% glutaraldehyde for 15 minutes and then stained with crystalviolet for 30 minutes. The plates were blotted and dried overnight. Thecells were resuspended with 1% TritonX-100 and shaken for 15 minutes.The absorbance was read on a spectrophotometer at 595 nm. Rates ofoxidative phosphorylation were then normalised to cell number.

Example 10 Quantification of Target Inhibition

Target profiling using Cerep and Eurofins/Panlabs profiling screens wasundertaken using 11B_CC11_HCl and 11B_CC16_HCl in order to investigatethe mechanism of action. For the guinea pig lung strip assay, a lungstrip obtained from Duncan Hartley derived male or female guinea pigsweighing 325±25 g and sacrificed by CO₂ overexposure was used. Thetissue was placed under 2 g tension in a 10 mL bath containing Krebssolution pH 7.4 at 37° C. Test substance (30 μM)-induced isometricallyrecorded contraction by 50 percent or more within 5 min, relative tocontrol 3 nM leukotriene D4 response, indicates possiblecysteinyl-leukotriene LT1 receptor agonist activity. At a test substanceconcentration where no significant agonist activity is seen, ability toreduce the leukotriene D4-induced contractile response by 50 percent ormore indicates cysteinyl-leukotriene CysLT1 antagonist activity. 30 μM11B_CC16_HCl did not induce contraction itself, exhibiting no agonistactivity. 30 μM 11B_CC16_HCl reduced the leukotriene D4-inducedcontractile response by 100%, indicating CysLT1 antagonist activity. Tomeasure inhibition of cysteinyl leukotriene 1 (CysLT1 [LTD4]) andcysteinyl leukotriene 2 (CysLT2 [LTC4]) receptor activity, calciummobilisation was measured using Fluor-3-loaded CHO cells (for cysLT1assays) or HEK-293 cells (for CysLT2 assays) which stably express eitherthe CysLT1 or CysLT2 receptors. Cells were seeded on FLIPR microtiterplates (Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, Calif.; Schroeder and Neagle,) andgrown to confluence. Subsequently the growth medium was removed andFluo-3 AM fluorescent indictor dye diluted in Hanks' balanced salt wasadded to each well and incubated for 1 hour at 37° C. FluoR-3 Am wasthen removed and cells were washed three times. Baseline fluorescencewas determined by measuring the level of fluorescence every 1 second forthe first minute and every 3 seconds for the second minute. After tenseconds a range of doses of LTD4 (for CysLT1) or LTC4 (for CysLT2) wasadded and the EC₅₀ of each agonist was determined. For antagonismquantification, 30 μM of 11B_CC11_HCl or 11B_CC16_HCl was added to eachwell and the ability for each compound to inhibit the CysLT1 & CysLT2response to LTD4 (0.1 nM) or LTC4 (30 nM) was measured. For CysLT1antagonism, both 11B_CC11_HCl and 11B_CC16_HCl inhibited calciummobilisation to below baseline levels (137%). For CysLT2 antagonism,11B_CC11_HCl inhibited calcium mobilisation by 41% and 11B_CC16_HClinhibited calcium mobilisation by 48%.

Example 11 Quantification Dose-Dependence in the Primary HyaloidVasculature Branch Number Assay

All experiments were carried out under ethical approval granted by theUCD animal research ethics committee. Tail:EGFP) zebrafish weremaintained according to standard procedures on a 14 hr light/10 hr darkcycle at 28° C. Embryos were obtained by natural spawning anddevelopmental stages established by time and morphological criteria. At24 hours post fertilisation (hpf), 5 embryos per well were placed in 400μl of Embryo Medium/0.1% DMSO and incubated with decreasing doses ofactive compounds (20 μM, 10 μM, 7.5 μM, 5 μM, 2.5 μM, 1 μM and/or 0.5μM) at 28° C. on a 14 h light/10 h dark cycle. Larvae were euthanised,and fixed in 4% PFA at 4° C. overnight before analysis. Lenses weredissected from the larvae and transferred to depression slides forobservation under epi-fluorescence in the Olympus SZX16. Patterning ofthe hyaloid vessels on the treated larval lenses was compared to DMSOcontrols and the archetypal pattern previously described (Alvarez etal., 2007; Alvarez et al., 2009). The number of primary vesselsradiating from the back of the lens (3-4 main branches at 5 dpf incontrols and previously described), was counted and the average numberwas graphed for each drug. Compounds 11B_CC4_HCl, 11B_CC5_HCl,11B_CC11_HCl, 11B_CC16_HCl, 11B-268 and 11B-471 inhibit developmentalangiogenesis of zebrafish hyaloid vasculature in a dose-dependentstatistically significant manner (FIGS. 22A and 22B).

Example 12 Quantification of Dose-Dependence in the IntersegmentalVessel Assay

At 6 hours post fertilisation, 5 embryos per well were placed in 400 μLof Embryo Medium/0.1% DMSO and incubated with decreasing doses of activecompound (10 μM, 7.5 μM, 5 μM and/or 1 μM) at 28° C. on a 14 h light/10h dark cycle. Larvae were manually dechorionated, euthanised, and fixedin 4% PFA at 4° C. overnight before analysis. The larvae were thenwashed with PBS and transferred to depression slides for observationunder epi-fluorescence in an Olympus SZX16 fluorescent microscope. Thenumber of intersegmental vessels was counted and the average number wasgraphed for each drug. Compounds 11B_CC11_HCl and 11B_CC16_HCl, inhibitdevelopmental angiogenesis of zebrafish intersegmental vessels in adose-dependent statistically significant manner (FIG. 22B).

Example 13 4H, 11a and 11C do not Significantly Reduce the Proliferationof Human SW480 Cells In Vitro

SW480 (commercially available colorectal cancer cell line) were used totest the effects of the compounds 4H, 11A and 11C on cell toxicity.Cells were maintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10% foetal calfserum, penicillin (100 U/ml), streptomycin (100 μg/ml) and amphotericinB (4 μg/ml). A total of 5,000 cells were seeded per well in 96 wellplates and left to incubate for 24 hours. The cells were washed in PBSand the media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μM of5-fluorouracil (5FU), 4H, 11A or 11C. Each drug had 10 replicates pertime point. At each designated time point, the media was disposed andthe cells washed with PBS. The cells were fixed with 1% glutaraldehydefor 20 minutes and then stained with crystal violet for 30 minutes. Theplates were blotted and dried overnight. The cells were resuspended with1% TritonX-100 and shaken for 15 minutes. The absorbance was read on aspectrophotometer at 550 nm. 5-fluorouracil significantly reduced cellnumber to 60% of the control by 96 hours. Compounds 4H, 11A or 11C didnot significantly reduce cell number compared to control by 96 hours(FIG. 26).

Example 14 Compounds 4H, 11a and 11C Significantly ReduceAngiogenic/Inflammatory Factor Secretion from Human Colorectal TumourExplants

To assess the anti-cancer potential of compounds 4H, 11A and 11C wetested their ability to modulate the levels of angiogenic/inflammatoryfactors secreted from explants cultures of human colorectal cancers.Human colorectal tumour samples were taken directly from the pathologylaboratory after surgery once adequate material was taken for diagnostictesting. The tumour samples were washed and stored in DMSO/tumourconditioning media (TCM). The samples were snap-frozen in liquidnitrogen and stored at −80° C. until compound testing was performed.

Prior to compound testing, the tumours were thawed and incubated infresh TCM for 24 hours. The explants were then treated with 4H, 11A and11C at 10 μm concentrations for 72 hours. The TCM solutions werecollected and stored at −20° C. and the remaining tumour explants weresnap-frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80° C. Proteins wereextracted from the explants using a nuclear RIPA buffer containing PMSF,sodium orthovandate and protease inhibitors. The explants werehomogenised in a PreCellys™ machine. The total protein contents weredetermined from the resulting lysates using the BCA Assay™. The proteincontent of each tumour sample was determined using the BCA proteinassay. The secretion of angiogenic cytokines was quantified usingsandwich ELISA (DuoSet, R&D) for VEGF, ENA-78, MCP-1 and GROα and amultiplex assay (MSD) was used for the inflammatory cytokines: IL-113,TNF, IL-6 and IL-8. The secretion data were normalised according to thetumour sample's protein content.

Compound 4H significantly reduced the secretion of VEGF, GROα, MCP-1,ENA-78, IL-6 and IL-8 (FIG. 27). Compound 11A significantly reduced thesecretion of VEGF, GROα, MCP-1, ENA-78, IL-1β, TNF and IL-8 (FIG. 27).Compound 11C significantly reduced the secretion of GROα, MCP-1, ENA-78,IL-6, TNF and IL-8 (FIG. 27).

Example 15 11B ZHC1 Significantly Reduces Glycolysis of Human OE33PCells In Vitro

OE33P radiosensitive oesophageal adenocarcinoma cells were used to testthe effects of the compound 11B ZHC1 on glycolysis. Cells weremaintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum,penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml). A total of 11,000cells, in 100 μl media, were seeded per well in 24 well plates and leftto incubate for 24 hours, with an additional 150 μl media added after 5hours. The media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μM of 11BZHC1 or fresh media as a control. Each treatment had 6 replicates. After24 hours of treatment, media was replaced with modified DMEMsupplemented with 0.5 mM glucose. Rates of glycolysis were determinedusing Seahorse Biosciences metabolism technology. The media was disposedand the cells washed with PBS. The cells were fixed with 1%glutaraldehyde for 15 minutes and then stained with crystal violet for30 minutes. The plates were blotted and dried overnight. The cells wereresuspended with 1% TritonX-100 and shaken for 15 minutes. Theabsorbance was read on a spectrophotometer at 590 nm. Rates ofglycolysis were then normalised to cell number. No changes in ECAR weredetected in OE33R treated cells.

Example 16 11B_Z_HCl Did not Significantly Reduce the Number in HumanOE33P and OE33R Cells In Vitro after 24 Hours

OE33P radiosensitive and OE33R radioresistant cells were used to testthe effects of the compound 11B_Z_HCl on toxicity. Cells were maintainedin RPMI media supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, penicillin (100U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml). A total of 11,000 cells, in 100 μlmedia, were seeded per well in 24 well plates and left to incubate for24 hours, with an additional 150 μl media added after 5 hours. The mediawas replaced with solutions containing 10 μM of 11B_Z_HCl or fresh mediaas a control. Each treatment had 6 replicates. After 24 hours oftreatment, the cells were fixed with 1% glutaraldehyde for 15 minutesand then stained with crystal violet for 30 minutes. The plates wereblotted and dried overnight. The cells were resuspended with 1%TritonX-100 and shaken for 15 minutes. The absorbance was read on aspectrophotometer at 590 nm.

Example 17 11B_Z_HCl Significantly Reduces Oxidative Phosphorylation inHuman OE33P and OE33R Cells In Vitro

OE33P radiosensitive and OE33R radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinomacells were used to test the effects of the compound 11B_Z_HCl onoxidative phosphorylation. Cells were maintained in RPMI mediasupplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/ml) andstreptomycin (100 μg/ml). A total of 11,000 cells, in 100 μl media, wereseeded per well in 24 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours,with an additional 150 μl media added after 5 hours. The media wasreplaced with solutions containing 10 μM of 11B_Z_HCl or fresh media asa control. Each treatment had 6 replicates. After 24 hours of treatment,media was replaced with modified DMEM supplemented with 0.5 mM glucose.Rates of oxidative phosphorylation were determined using SeahorseBiosciences metabolism technology. Rates of oxidative phosphorylationwere then normalised to cell number.

Example 18 Surviving Fraction of Human OE33P and OE33R Cells In Vitrowhen Cells were Treated with 11B_Z_HCl

OE33P radiosensitive and OE33 radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinomacells were used to test the effects of the compound 11B_Z_HCl on cellsurvival. Cells were maintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10%foetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml).Cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours.The media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μM of 11B_Z_HCl orfresh media as a control. After 24 hours of treatment, media wasreplaced. When control colonies had grown sufficiently large, the mediawas disposed and the cells washed with PBS. The cells were fixed withmethanol and stained with crystal violet. Surviving fraction, theability of the cells to form colonies was then determined.

Example 19 Surviving Fraction of Human OE33P and OE33R Cells In Vitrowhen Cells were Treated with 11B ZHC1 Prior to Irradiation

OE33P radiosensitive and OE33 radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinomacells were used to test the effects of the compound 11B_Z_HCl on cellsurvival. Cells were maintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10%foetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml).Cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours.The media was replaced with solutions containing 10 μM of 11B_Z_HCl orfresh media as a control. After 24 hours of treatment, media wasreplaced and cells were subjected to 2Gy radiation. When controlcolonies had grown sufficiently large, the media was disposed and thecells washed with PBS.

The cells were fixed with methanol and stained with crystal violet.Surviving fraction, the ability of the cells to form colonies was thendetermined.

Example 20 Surviving Fraction of Human OE33P and OE33R Cells In Vitrowhen Cells were Treated with 11B_Z_HCl Following Irradiation

OE33P radiosensitive and OE33 radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinomacells were used to test the effects of the compound 11B_Z_HCl on cellsurvival. Cells were maintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10%foetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml).Cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours.The cells were subjected to 2Gy radiation and the media was replacedwith solutions containing 10 μM of 11B_Z_HCl or fresh media as acontrol. After 24 hours of treatment, media was replaced. When controlcolonies had grown sufficiently large, the media was disposed and thecells washed with PBS. The cells were fixed with methanol and stainedwith crystal violet. Surviving fraction, the ability of the cells toform colonies was then determined.

Example 21 Surviving Fraction of Human OE33P and OE33R Cells In Vitrowhen Cells were Treated with 11B HCl and 11B_CC11_HCl FollowingIrradiation

OE33P radiosensitive and OE33R radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinomacells were used to test the effects of the compound 11B_Z_HCl on cellsurvival. Cells were maintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10%foetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml).Cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours.The cells were subjected to 2Gy irradiation and the media was replacedwith solutions containing 10 μM of 11B_Z_HCl or fresh media as acontrol. After 24 hours of treatment, media was replaced. When controlcolonies had grown sufficiently large, the media was disposed and thecells washed with PBS. The cells were fixed with methanol and stainedwith crystal violet. Surviving fraction, the ability of the cells toform colonies was then determined.

Example 22 Reduction in the Expression of DNA Repairs in OE33P and OE33RCells In Vitro when Cells were Treated with 11B HCl, 11B_CC11_HCl and11B_Z_HCl

OE33P radiosensitive and OE33R radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinomacells were used to test the effects of the above compounds on the geneexpression of DNA repair proteins. Cells were maintained in RPMI mediasupplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, penicillin (100 U/ml) andstreptomycin (100 μg/ml). Cells were seeded in 6 well plates and left toincubate for 24 hours. Cells were treated 10 μM of the above compoundsor fresh media as a control. After 24 hours of treatment, RNA and cDNAwas isolated and qPCR performed using primer probes to the followingprimer probes to RAD51L3, MMS19, SMUG1, PARP1 and MLH1.

Example 23

OE33P radiosensitive and OE33R radioresistant oesophageal adenocarcinomacells were used to test the effects of compounds 11B HCl, 11B_CC11_HCland 11B_Z_HCL on the gene expression of DNA repair proteins. Cells weremaintained in RPMI media supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum,penicillin (100 U/ml) and streptomycin (100 μg/ml). Cells were seeded in6 well plates and left to incubate for 24 hours. Cells were treated 10μM of the above compounds or fresh media as a control. After 24 hours oftreatment, RNA and cDNA was isolated and qPCR performed using primerprobes to the following primer probes to RAD51L3, MMS19, SMUG1, PARP1and MLH1.

Oesophageal Cancer is the 6^(th) most common cause of cancer relateddeaths worldwide. Globally, there has been a dramatic epidemiologicalincrease in the incidence of oesophageal adenocarcinoma (OAC), withIreland showing a 48% increase in incidence rates over the last 3 years.Rising increase in obesity levels strongly correlates with the dramaticincreases in the number of OAC cases. 5 year survival rates areapproximately 10%. Treatment options for these patients are limited. 70%of OAC patients receive a treatment called ‘neoadjuvant treatment’meaning they will be treated with a combination of radiation andchemotherapy prior to their surgery. The goal of this treatment is todownsize the tumour in order to make surgery more successful. This is a6 week treatment that can have many negative side effects for thepatients. Unfortunately, only approximately 75% of the patients willrespond to this treatment. Therefore approximately 75% of patientsreceive this treatment, suffer the negative side effects and importantlythey will experience a significant delay to surgery which may impact ontheir overall survival rates. These patients are referred to as ‘nonresponders’ Work done by the Department of Surgery at Trinity CollegeDublin (J Mol Med (2012) 90:1449-1458) has shown that these nonresponders show high levels of metabolism (energy production) and highlevels of DNA repair protein expression. The high level of DNA repairprotein expression tries to repair the damaged DNA following radiationand therefore prevents the radiated cells from undergoing cell death.

We have found that the compounds described above can reduce metabolismrates and expression of DNA repair proteins in cancer cells, resultingin a reduced number of surviving cancer cells. These compounds may haveclinical utility in not only non responders but also for those tumoursthat are sensitive to radiation, they may further increase response inthis subset of patients also. This neoadjuvant treatment is not specificto OAC; it also applies to colorectal cancer and breast cancer.

The disclosures of the various references mentioned this specificationare hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

The invention is not limited to the embodiments hereinbefore described,accompanying which may be varied in detail.

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound selected from:

and salts thereof.
 2. The compound as claimed in claim 1 wherein thesalt is a HCI salt.
 3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising one ormore compound selected from:

and salts thereof.
 4. The composition as claimed in claim 3 wherein thesalt is a HCI salt of the compound.
 5. The composition as claimed inclaim 3 further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient. 6.The composition as claimed in claim 3 in a form for topicaladministration.
 7. The composition as claimed in claim 3 in the form ofeye drops.
 8. The composition as claimed in claim 3 in a form forsystemic administration.
 9. The composition as claimed in claim 3 in theform of an injectable solution or suspension.
 10. A method for thetreatment of an angiogenesis related disease or disorder comprising thestep of administering a compound of structure IV or VI or a salt thereof


11. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein the angiogenesis-relateddisease or disorder is associated with neovascularisation of the eye.12. The method as claimed in claim 10 wherein the angiogenesis-relateddisease or disorder is associated with blindness.
 13. The method asclaimed in claim 10 wherein the angiogenesis-related disease or disorderis age-related. macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
 14. Themethod as claimed in claim 13 wherein the age-related maculardegeneration is wet age-related macular degeneration.
 15. The method asclaimed in claim 10 wherein the angiogenesis-related disease or disorderis cancer.
 16. The method as claimed in claim 15 wherein the cancer is asolid tumour forming cancer.
 17. The method as claimed in claim 15wherein the cancer is colorectal cancer.
 18. The method as claimed inclaim 15 wherein the cancer is oesophageal cancer.
 19. The method asclaimed in claim 15 wherein the cancer is breast cancer.
 20. The methodas claimed in claim 10 wherein the angiogenesis-related disease ordisorder is diabetic retinopathy.